| UN Peace keeping operations: A service to | | | | sanctions against Iraq. At the 1990 session |
| humanity. Abstract Never in the annals of | | | | of the General Assembly, all member states |
| human history had national or international | | | | condemned Iraq's brutal action. The Security |
| organization rendered meritorious service to | | | | Council set 15 January 1991 as the deadline |
| the mankind like The United Nation since its | | | | for Iraq's compliance with the Councils |
| inception. The United Nation is a unique | | | | resolutions, and authorized member states |
| organization of independent and sovereign | | | | cooperating with Kuwait to use "all necessary |
| states. These states have coalesced together | | | | means" to implement these resolutions and |
| to work for welfare and betterment of the | | | | restore international peace and security in |
| people, promote friendship among all nations | | | | the area. Faced with Iraq's non-compliance, |
| and support economic and social progress in | | | | on 16 January coalition forces led by United |
| the world. Despite, manipulation by the major | | | | States firmly pledge to restore Kuwait's |
| powers during and after cold war the United | | | | sovereignty and began attacks against Iraq. |
| Nation is persistently trying to accomplish | | | | Hostilities were suspended in February, after |
| promise of its charter. It is a crystal clear | | | | the Iraqi forces had left Kuwait. By |
| fact that services to mankind were hampered | | | | resolution 687 (1991), the Security Council |
| due to expansionist and irrational policies | | | | sets terms for a ceasefire, demanded that |
| pursued by both super powers and their | | | | Iraq and Kuwait respect the borders |
| undemocratic allies in order to procure their | | | | inviolability, called for deploying United |
| national and global interests. Introduction | | | | Nations observers, took action on |
| We live in a world of constant change. The | | | | compensation for war damages, and decided |
| humanity is threatened not only by their | | | | that Iraq's weapons of mass destruction |
| despotic governments but also by a new wave | | | | should be eliminated. The Security Council |
| of 'International Terrorism' created and | | | | established a demilitarized zone along the |
| nurtured by undemocratic and despotic regimes | | | | border. To monitor the zone, it set up an |
| of Muslim Countries. As the global body | | | | observer mission, the United Nations Iraq - |
| responds to new threats internal or external | | | | Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM). |
| and takes on new tasks, its peace-keeping | | | | Originally, it was established as an unarmed |
| activities also have entered a period of | | | | observation mission with the mandate to |
| rapid and profound evolution. This article | | | | monitor the Khawr "Abd Allah waterway between |
| is an attempt to throw light on United | | | | Iraq and Kuwait and the Demilitarized zone. |
| Nations peace-keeping operations in the world | | | | To deter violations of the boundary through |
| and to apprise the people of Muslim countries | | | | its presence in and surveillance of the |
| about noble and meritorious services rendered | | | | Demilitarized Zone, and to observe any |
| by the United Nations, whose image has been | | | | hostile action mounted from the territory of |
| deliberately tarnished by the undemocratic | | | | one state against the other. In February |
| and despotic rulers. I would like to divulge | | | | 1993, following a series of incidents in |
| peace-keeping operations in all continents of | | | | January, the Security Council decided to |
| the world so that the people of world in | | | | increase UNIKOMs strength and to extend its |
| general and especially the people of Pakistan | | | | terms of reference to include the capacity to |
| know the important and crucial role being | | | | take physical action to prevent violation of |
| played by the United Nation for the | | | | the DMZ and of the newly demarcated boundary |
| betterment of people of the world | | | | between Iraq and Kuwait. The strength was |
| irrespective of race and religion. The | | | | 3645 military personnel. The annual cost was |
| distinctive blue helmets and blue berets of | | | | approximately $65 million. PEACEKEEPING |
| United Nation peacekeeper are one of the most | | | | OPERATIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA UN Mission |
| enduring images of an organization founded | | | | Observers in Tajikistan Tajikistan is |
| after Second World War to promote world peace | | | | destabilized by civil war after getting |
| through international cooperation. United | | | | independence from Soviet Union. From 1992, |
| Nation peace activities commenced in 1956, | | | | United Nation pursues good offices between |
| and have since been through some profound | | | | Government and united Tajik Opposition. |
| changes. From monitoring ceasefire when the | | | | Commonwealth of independent States deploys |
| warring parties accede to halt fighting, to | | | | peacekeeping force. UNMOT monitors ceasefire |
| peace enforcement and armed intervention. | | | | and maintains liaison with CIS force. Parties |
| There are two ways the United Nation | | | | sign general peace agreement in June 1997 and |
| endeavors about peace in the world. | | | | UNMOT is expanded to help monitor |
| PEACEMAKING By virtue of its lofty role as | | | | implementation. UN Observer Mission in |
| the eminent forum for diplomatic activity, | | | | Georgia Abkhaz separatists attempt to secede |
| the United Nation is crucially placed to | | | | from Georgia. Fighting erupts in 1992 as |
| prevent, manage or resolve disputes through | | | | Government troops try to secure rail and |
| mediation and persuasion. The present | | | | communications links. The sc set up UNOMIG to |
| Secretary General of the United Nation Kofi | | | | verify 1993 ceasefire, but suspends |
| Anan describes peacemaking as: "The use of | | | | deployment when ceasefire breaks down. In May |
| diplomatic means to persuade parties in | | | | 1994, Commonwealth of Independent States |
| conflict to cease hostilities and to | | | | deploys peacekeeping force. Expanded UNOMIG |
| negotiate a peaceful settlement of their | | | | observes operation of Commonwealth of |
| dispute." Peacemaking describes a range of | | | | Independent of States and implementation UN |
| diplomatic and political activities that | | | | Peacekeeping Operation in South East Asia and |
| attempt to bring parties in dispute together | | | | FAR EAST UN Security Force in West New Guinea |
| by amicable and peaceful means. Under its | | | | There was dispute between Indonesia and |
| Charter, the first of the purpose of UN is | | | | Netherlands over West Irian. The General |
| "To maintain international peace and | | | | Assembly establishes Agreement on UN |
| security, and to that end: to take effective | | | | Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA) to |
| collective measures for the prevention and | | | | assume administrative responsibility for |
| removal of threats to the peace, and for the | | | | territory, pending transfer to Indonesia. |
| suppression of acts of aggression or other | | | | Both UNTEA and UNSF monitor ceasefire and |
| breaches of the peace, and to bring about by | | | | help ensure law and order during transition. |
| peaceful means, and in conformity with the | | | | UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia |
| principles of justice and international law, | | | | Cambodia's four factions sign Paris Agreement |
| adjustment or settlement of international | | | | in October 1991. UNTAC disarm and demobilizes |
| disputes or situations which might lead to a | | | | armed forces, control administrative |
| breach of peace." Chapters VI and VII of | | | | structures, promotes human rights, repatriate |
| the Charter spell out concrete measures which | | | | refugees, conducted elections and begins |
| the United Nations security Council - the | | | | country's rehabilitation. The election was |
| principal organ vested with the primary | | | | successfully held in May 1993. UNTAC |
| responsibility for maintaining international | | | | withdraws after promulgation of constitution. |
| peace and security - can take to achieve this | | | | UN Advance Mission in Cambodia It paved way |
| purpose. Chapter VI, on the peaceful | | | | for UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia. It |
| settlement of disputes "likely to endanger | | | | operated from October 1991 to March 1992. UN |
| the maintenance of international peace and | | | | TRANSITIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN EAST TIMOR In |
| security" can be brought to the attention of | | | | August 1999, UN conducts poll in which East |
| the Security Council. The Security Council is | | | | Timorese chose to separate from Indonesia. |
| mandated to call on the parties to settle | | | | Security Council authorizes International |
| their disputes by peaceful means, to | | | | Force (INTERFET) to restore order. Security |
| recommend appropriate procedures or methods | | | | Council sets up UNTAET to help East Timorese |
| of adjustment and in addition, to recommend | | | | make transition to independence, administer |
| actual terms of settlement. PEACEKEEPING | | | | the Territory, build capacity for self |
| These opera rations are the most public face | | | | government, organize elections and create |
| of the United Nations performance and aptly | | | | structure for rule of law and human rights. |
| reflect its primary function for the | | | | UN MISSION IN HAITI In September 1991, the |
| maintenance and perseverance of world peace, | | | | first democratically elected President is |
| fraternity, security and human development. | | | | overthrown. Following agreement to restore |
| Former UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros | | | | constitutional Government, UNMIH created to |
| Ghali defined peacekeeping in 'Agenda for | | | | help modernize army and set up new police. |
| Peace' as: "The deployment of a UN presence | | | | Coup leaders prevent UNMIH's deployment, and |
| in the field, hitherto with the consent of | | | | advance team withdraws. In 1994, |
| all parties concerned, normally involving UN | | | | multinational force restores legitimate |
| military and/or Police personnel and | | | | government. UNMIH takes over to sustain |
| frequently civilians as well." Former United | | | | secure environment, help set up new police |
| Nation Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld, | | | | and create conditions for free and fair |
| (Sweeden,1953-1961) perceived as father of UN | | | | elections. Follow on operations continue to |
| peacekeeping, defined the principles of | | | | support the professionalization of national |
| peacekeeping as "A mission must have the | | | | police. UN Support Mission in Haiti (July |
| authorization of Security Council; UN | | | | 1996-July 1997), UN Transition Mission in |
| involvement in a conflict requires the | | | | Haiti (August 1997-Nov 1997) and UN Civilian |
| consent of the parties to that conflict; a | | | | Police Mission in Haiti (DEC_1997-March 2000) |
| mission must maintain operational neutrality | | | | also performed tasks in Haiti under the |
| and so must not influence the political | | | | Security Council Prescriptions. United |
| balance of power between warring parties; | | | | Nations Peacekeeping Operations in Europe UN |
| peacekeepers should not use coercive force, | | | | Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus The Security |
| except in self defense; and personnel for an | | | | Council sets up UNFICYP in 1964 to prevent |
| operation must be recruited voluntarily from | | | | further fighting between Greek Cypriot and |
| UN member states, excluding from permanent | | | | Turkish Cypriot communities and to contribute |
| five members of the security council and | | | | to maintenance of law and order and return to |
| states with interest in the conflict." | | | | normal conditions. Turkish military |
| "Peace-keeping is a technique that expands | | | | intervention on heels of 1974 coup by members |
| the possibilities for both the prevention of | | | | of Greek Cypriot National Guard leaves island |
| conflict and of conflict and the making of | | | | divided. UNFICYP remains to supervise |
| peace." A way to control conflicts and | | | | ceasefire lines, maintain buffer zone and |
| promotes peace and fraternity Peacekeeping as | | | | undertake humanitarian activities. UNITED |
| a concept is not specifically described in | | | | NATIONS PROTECTION FORCE UNPROFORCE is first |
| the United Nations Charter. It goes beyond | | | | set up in Croatia to ensure demilitarization |
| purely diplomatic means for the peaceful | | | | of designated areas. Mandate was than |
| settlement of disputes described in chapter | | | | extended to Bosnia and Herzegovina to support |
| VI, but falls short of the military or other | | | | delivery of humanitarian relief, monitor no |
| enforcement provisions of Chapter VII. As | | | | fly zone and safe areas. Later, UNPROFOR |
| former Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld | | | | deploys to Former Yugoslav Republic of |
| stated "peacekeeping might be put in a new | | | | Macedonia (FYROM) for preventive monitoring |
| Chapter Six and a half." Peace-keeping as | | | | in border areas. In March 1995, UNPROFOR was |
| pioneered by the United Nations as one of the | | | | restructured as UNCRO (Croatia), UNPROFOR |
| means for maintaining international peace, | | | | (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and UNPREDEP |
| security and human development. Interposed | | | | (FYROM). UN PREDEP UN preventive Deployment |
| between antagonist and hostile states, or | | | | Force replaces UNPROFOR in Former Yugoslav |
| sometimes between hostile communities within | | | | Republic of Macedonia. Monitors development |
| state, international military personnel under | | | | in areas along borders with Federal Republic |
| the umbrella of United Nation have saved | | | | of Yugoslavia and Albania which could |
| countless lives and contributed to creating | | | | undermine country's stability, and promotes |
| the conditions necessary for the amicable and | | | | inter ethnic dialogue within country. UN |
| peaceful settlement of conflict or dispute | | | | Mission in Bosnia Herzegovina In December |
| through negations and persuasions. United | | | | 1995, General Framework Agreement was signed, |
| Nations peacekeeping operations are a crucial | | | | UNPROFOR withdraws and NATO led force (IFOR) |
| "instrument at the disposal of the | | | | was deployed. UNMIBH helped implement |
| international community to advance | | | | Agreement by coordinating UN activities |
| international peace and security." United | | | | related to humanitarian relief, demining, |
| Nation peace-keeping activities have enhanced | | | | human rights, elections and rehabilitation of |
| and broadened dramatically in recent time. In | | | | infrastructure, UNMIBH cooperated with IFOR |
| the span of five decade, the Organization has | | | | and its successor SFOR. UNMIBH's police Task |
| launched more operations than in previous | | | | Force monitored law enforcement. UN |
| years. The growth is not only in quantity but | | | | Transitional Administration for Eastern |
| also in quality. Peace-keeping operations are | | | | Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium Basic |
| taking on new tasks and often go beyond | | | | Agreement of November 1995 provides for |
| traditional activities. Peace-keeping | | | | peaceful integration of region into Croatia |
| operations are established by the Security | | | | and request UN to set up administration to |
| Council and directed by the Secretary | | | | govern region during transition and authorize |
| General, often through a special | | | | international force to maintain law and |
| representative depending on the mission, the | | | | order. UNTAES supervised demilitarization, |
| force commander or the Chief Military | | | | monitored voluntary return of refugees, |
| observer is responsible for the military | | | | conducted and certified April 1997 elections. |
| aspects. The United Nation has no military | | | | UN Mission of observers in Prevlaka UNMOP |
| force of its own, and Member States provide, | | | | continues monitoring demilitarization of |
| on a voluntary basis, the personnel, | | | | Prevlaka peninsula, a strategic area in |
| equipment and logistics required for an | | | | southern Croatia bordering Federal Republic |
| operation. Member States carefully negotiate | | | | of Yugoslavia. This task was begun by |
| the terms of their participation, including | | | | UNPROFOR in October 1992 and carried on by |
| command and control arrangements, and retain | | | | UNCRO from 1995 to 1996. UN Interim |
| ultimate authority over their own military | | | | Administration Mission in Kosovo In June |
| troops. Peacekeepers wear their country's | | | | 1999, Security Council authorizes a NATO led |
| uniform: they are identified as peacekeepers | | | | security presence (KFOR) to demilitarize |
| only by a United Nations blue helmet or beret | | | | Kosovo and maintain law and order, and UNMIK, |
| and a badge. "Peacekeeping operations fulfill | | | | a UN peacekeeping operation, to exercise |
| the role of an impartial third party to help | | | | administrative and executing authority, |
| create and maintain a ceasefire and form a | | | | including administration of justice, |
| buffer zone between warring parties. This | | | | rehabilitate the territory and prepare it for |
| makes easier the search for amicable and | | | | elections and eventual autonomy within |
| peaceful settlement of conflict through | | | | Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. UNITED |
| diplomatic channels. As peacekeeper maintains | | | | NATIONS PEACE KEEPING OPERATION IN AFRICA UN |
| peace on the ground, mediators from the | | | | Operation in the Congo Newly independent |
| United Nation meet with leaders from the | | | | Congo faced mutiny by armed forces. Belgian |
| disputing parties or countries and try to | | | | military intervened and led to increased |
| reach a peaceful solution to the problem." | | | | disorder. Congo Government requested UN |
| There are two types of peacekeeping | | | | military assistance. The Security Council |
| operations: observer mission and peacekeeping | | | | established ONUC. Province of Katanga seceded |
| forces. Observers are not armed. Soldiers of | | | | and ONUC faced task of maintains the |
| UN peacekeeping forces carry light weapons, | | | | country's territorial integrity and political |
| which they use only in self-defense. They may | | | | independence. The ONUC stopped civil war and |
| protect relief shipments, provide services | | | | secured withdrawal of foreign military from |
| for victims, respond to refugee needs, | | | | the Congo. UN Angola Verification Mission I |
| enforce embargoes, remove mines, and seek to | | | | Negotiation lead to agreement on phased |
| disarm warring parties. In addition to | | | | withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, |
| military -related aspects, many United Nation | | | | verified by UN military observer, as step |
| operations now involve a large civilian | | | | towards an implementing UN plan for Namibia's |
| dimension: election monitoring, human rights | | | | independence. UN observers report withdrawal |
| verification, humanitarian relief, | | | | of last Cuban troops from Angola in may 1991. |
| administrative management, institution | | | | UN Angola verification Mission II UNAVEM II |
| building, and the restoration of | | | | deploys military and civilian personnel to |
| infrastructure and services. Over 750000 | | | | help Angolan Government and UNITA carry out |
| soldiers and civilians have served under the | | | | peace agreement ending 16 years of civil war |
| UN flag in 56 peacekeeping operations since | | | | and verifies election, but UNITA contests |
| 1948. According to United Nation peacekeeping | | | | result. After renewed fighting, UNAVEM II |
| Statistical Data and Charts "there were | | | | helps two sides bring about ceasefire and |
| 1,790 fatalities. Of the 1790 fatalities | | | | agreements on completing peace process. UNITA |
| (35.14%) were caused by hostile actins and | | | | and Government subsequently sign Lusaka |
| (64.86%) by non-hostile actions" With the | | | | Protocol. UNAVEM II verified stages of peace |
| rise in demand for UN peacekeeping, | | | | agreement. UN ANGOLA VERIFICATION MISSION III |
| particularly in the Balkans and Africa, the | | | | UNAVEM III helped Government and UNITA in |
| number of operations increased to 56 by the | | | | restoring peace and achieving national |
| March 2003. According to United Nations | | | | reconciliation on the basis of peace Accords |
| Peacekeeping from 1991 to 2000 Statistical | | | | and Lusaka Protocol, including by monitoring |
| Data "over the past decade, the deployment of | | | | ceasefire and disarmament and supporting |
| the military and civilian police has been | | | | humanitarian activities and mine clearance. |
| subjected to wide fluctuations. The decade | | | | Despite comprehensive timetable, parties did |
| began with relatively low levels of military | | | | not complete all tasks before mandate ends. |
| and civilian police deployment, with a total | | | | Follow on mission MONUA, continues to assist |
| strength of approximately 10,000 in 1991. The | | | | parties in consolidating peace and national |
| strengths soared and reached their peak at | | | | reconciliation. UN Transition Assistance |
| approximately 78,000 in 1993, largely due to | | | | Group In 1978 sc adopts detailed plan for |
| the expansions in the United Nations | | | | Namibia's transition to independence through |
| operation in United Nations Protection Force | | | | free and fair elections under UN supervision. |
| in Somalia (UNOSOM II). In late 1994, UNPROR | | | | Further negotiations spanning almost ten |
| alone had nearly 40,000 troops." The | | | | years are needed to overcome resistance to |
| statistical data reveal that in 1995, the | | | | plan. In1989 UN fields UNTAG with |
| numbers of peacekeeping personnel declined | | | | 8,000military and civilian personnel of 120 |
| sharply, mainly as a result of the end of | | | | nationalities. UNTAG's mission accomplished |
| mandates of UNOSOM II in March and December. | | | | .Namibia joined UN in April 1990. UN Mission |
| As of January 1996, the total deployment of | | | | for the referendum in Western Sahara In 1988, |
| military and civilian police stood at | | | | Morocco's Government and Polisario agreed on |
| approximately 29,000, less that half of its | | | | plan leading to referendum allowing people of |
| previous levels. These numbers continued to | | | | Western Sahara to decide territory's |
| decline from 1996 until the middle of 1999 | | | | political future. MINURSO deploys to |
| when they dropped to approximately 12,000.The | | | | implement ceasefire and organize conduct |
| trend was reversed towards the latter part of | | | | referendum. Difference over key elements |
| 1999 with the deployment of large mission in | | | | delay plan's full implementation; ceasefire |
| Kosovo, East Timor and Sierra Lone. The | | | | remains in effect. UN Operation in Somalia I |
| Statistical Data further divulge that a | | | | In 1991, factional fighting leads to famine |
| noticeable trend during 1990s has been the | | | | and collapse of Government services. UNOSOM I |
| growing participation of civilian police in | | | | monitor 1992 ceasefire, coordinate |
| peacekeeping operations. The United Nations | | | | humanitarian assistance and ensure security |
| Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) | | | | of relief supplies. When situation |
| employed approximately 3,500 civilian police | | | | deteriorates, Security Council authorizes |
| in 1992-1993. The number hovered between | | | | Member states to form Unified Task Force |
| 1,000 and 3,000 since the end the Cambodian | | | | UNITAF) to ensure safe delivery of |
| operations, but began to increase in the | | | | humanitarian assistance. UNOSOM II UNOSOM II |
| later part of 1999 and stand at nearly 8,000 | | | | takes over from UNITAF. Its mandate is to |
| at the end of 2000. Reflecting the level of | | | | establish, including through enforcement |
| peacekeeping costs also fluctuated | | | | measures, secure environment for humanitarian |
| significantly in the 1190s. From a $0.4 | | | | assistance by monitoring ceasefires, seizing |
| billion budget in 1991, the costs rose to an | | | | unauthorized arms, maintaining security at |
| all time high of $3.6 billion in 1993. The | | | | ports, mine clearing, and assisting refugee |
| peacekeeping budgets decreased in the latter | | | | repatriation. UNOSOM also works to |
| part of the decade and dropped to 1.0 billion | | | | reestablish police and political structure. |
| in 1998. The peacekeeping costs increased in | | | | In 1994, after Security Council excludes |
| 1999-2000 and are projected for 2.5 billion | | | | coercive methods from mandate, UNOSOM II |
| in the peacekeeping budgetary cycle of July | | | | promotes negotiations and supports |
| 2000 to June 2001. Since the establishment of | | | | humanitarian efforts. UN OBSERVER MISSION |
| the United Nations in 1945, close to 130 | | | | UGANDA_RWANDA Despite series of ceasefire, |
| nations have contributed military and | | | | fighting resumes in 1993 between Rwanda's |
| civilian police personnel in 56 peacekeeping | | | | Government and Rwandese Patriotic Front |
| operations at various times. The last decade | | | | across border with Uganda. Following new |
| also showed a substantial increase in troop | | | | ceasefire, Security Council deploys UNOMUR in |
| contributions of developing countries in the | | | | Uganda to verify that no assistance is |
| United Nations peacekeeping operations. For | | | | provided across the border. UN Observer |
| example, in the beginning of 1991, out of the | | | | Mission in Liberia Civil war breaks out in |
| top ten troop contributors, only two were | | | | 1990. Economic Community of West African |
| developing countries, Ghana and Nepal, while | | | | states (ECOWAS) dispatches peacekeeping force |
| by the end of 2000, eight out of the top ten | | | | and mediates series of agreement. UNOMIL |
| troop contributors are developing countries: | | | | works with ECOMOG, monitors compliance with |
| Bangladesh, Ghana, India, Jordan, Kenya, | | | | ceasefire and arms embargo, and |
| Nepal, Nigeria and Pakistan. The | | | | demobilization. UNOMIL also investigates |
| effectiveness of peacekeeping forces derives | | | | human rights violations. Despite serious set |
| from a combination of factors, foremost among | | | | backs and fighting, parties agree to ECOWAS |
| them the presence of United Nations | | | | timetable in 1997. UNOMIL observes elections |
| peacekeepers as physical expression f moral | | | | in consultation with ECOWAS and organization |
| authority of the Organization and the concern | | | | of African Unity. UN Assistance Mission for |
| of the international community. Receiving | | | | Rwanda UNAMIR helps implement |
| the Nobel peace Prize In 1988, the Nobel | | | | Government-Rwandese Patriotic Front agreement |
| Peace Prize was awarded to United Nations | | | | by monitoring ceasefire and security in |
| peacekeepers for "demanding and hazardous | | | | transition period .Anti-Tutsi genocide breaks |
| service in the cause of peace". In accepting | | | | out in April 1994. UNAMIR worked to secure |
| the award on their behalf, the then Secretary | | | | ceasefire. Situation deteriorates further, |
| General, Javier Perez de Cuellar said | | | | and Security Council enlarges UNAMIR to |
| "Peace-keeping operations symbolize the world | | | | protect relief operations to degree possible, |
| community's will to peace and represent the | | | | but buildup was slow. After RPF Government |
| impartial, practical expression of that | | | | was installed, UNAMIR supports reconciliation |
| will. The award of the Nobel Peace Prize to | | | | efforts and humanitarian assistance and |
| these operations illustrates the hope and | | | | contributes to security of human rights and |
| strengthens the promise of this extraordinary | | | | International Tribunal personnel. After |
| concept." Of the peacekeepers, he said "to | | | | December 1995, UNAMIR focuses on facilitating |
| remain calm in the face of provocation, to | | | | safe return of refugees. UN Azuzou Strip |
| maintain composure when under attack, he un | | | | Observer Group Chad and Libya refer |
| troops, officers and soldiers alike, must | | | | territorial dispute to International court of |
| show a special kind of courage, one that is | | | | justice in september1990. In accordance with |
| more difficult to come by than the ordinary | | | | Court's decision, Libya withdraws from Azuzou |
| kind. Our UN troops have been put to the test | | | | Strip in April and May 1994. The Security |
| and emerged triumphant". PEACE-KEEPING -an | | | | Council deploys UNASOG monitor withdrawal. |
| evolving technique Peacekeeping operations | | | | Mission concludes after both sides withdrawal |
| have been used most commonly to supervise and | | | | complete. UN MISSION IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN |
| help maintain cease-fires, to assist in troop | | | | REPUBLIC In 1196, Central African Republic is |
| withdrawal and to provide a buffer between | | | | shaken by mutinies in army. In January 1997, |
| opposing forces. However, these operations | | | | after four African presidents mediate truce, |
| are flexible instruments of policy and have | | | | parties sign Bangui Agreements, and inter |
| been adapted to a variety of uses. In the | | | | African force (MISAB) deploys to monitor |
| course of the past few years, the new | | | | implementation. MINURCA takes over from MISAB |
| political climate emerging from the end of | | | | to assist in maintaining security and |
| the cold war has contributed to an increase | | | | stability, monitor final disposition of |
| in demand for United Nations peacekeeping. As | | | | weapons retrieved in disarmament exercise and |
| new conflicts takes place within nations | | | | provide advice on restructuring national |
| rather than between them, the UN today deals | | | | police and on election plans. UN Observer |
| with civil wars, secessions, partitions, | | | | Mission in Sierra Leone The United Nation |
| ethnic clash and tribal struggles. Rescuing | | | | became involved in sierra Leon in 1995, when |
| failed states have become an inherent part of | | | | the Secretary General appointed a Special |
| second -generation peacekeeping. "UN | | | | envoy to mediate in the civil war. Continuing |
| peacekeeping operations swiftly moved from | | | | unrest and civil war culminated in may 1997 |
| traditional military peacekeeping tasks to | | | | military coup overthrowing democratically |
| multidimensional operations in disintegrating | | | | elected government. Subsequent intervention |
| and failed states". Conditions for | | | | by Economic Community of West African States |
| Successful peacekeeping operations When a | | | | and its peacekeeping force restores elected |
| United Nations member states or group of | | | | government in March 1998. UNOMSIL is set up |
| states, or the Secretary General, proposes | | | | top monitor the country's military and |
| the establishment of a peace keeping | | | | security situation and disarmament and |
| operations, a number of basic conditions have | | | | demobilization in secured areas. UN Mission |
| to be met. First, the proposal must command | | | | in sierra Leon Security Council sets up |
| the consent of warring parties. The operation | | | | UNAMSIL to help parties implement Peace |
| must neither interfere in the internal affair | | | | Agreement. UNAMSIL also provides security at |
| of the host countries nor favors one party | | | | key locations and assists Government in |
| against another. Second, the proposal must | | | | carrying out disarmament and demobilization |
| command extensive support from the | | | | plan. Key objectives include assisting |
| international community - specially, it must | | | | Government to extend authority, restore Law |
| be adopted by Security Council. Third, Member | | | | and order and stabilize situation |
| states must be willing to volunteer personnel | | | | progressively throughout country; and |
| to serve under the command of United Nations | | | | providing support as requested for elections. |
| Secretary General. The success of a peace | | | | UN Organization Mission in Democratic |
| keeping operation also requires a clear and | | | | Republic of the Congo In 1997, factional |
| practicable mandate, the cooperation of the | | | | tension, heightened by an attempt by |
| parties in implementing and enforcing that | | | | government forces to disarm the militia of |
| mandate, effectual United Nations command at | | | | former president Denis Sassou Nguesso ahead |
| headquarter and in the field, and adequate | | | | of the presidential elections, called for |
| logistic and financial support. Finance for | | | | July, escalated into full scale fighting |
| peace keeping operations Assured and adequate | | | | between Sassou Nguesso's supporters and |
| financing for peacekeeping operations are sin | | | | government forces and militia loyal; to the |
| qua non and vital. The annual United Nations | | | | incumbent president, Pascal Lissouba. The |
| Peacekeeping budget grew manifold. | | | | Security Council called for an end to the |
| Peacekeeping operations were expected to cost | | | | violence and a negotiated solution to the |
| around $2 billion every year-about 0.15 per | | | | crisis. In mid 1999, six regional States and |
| cent of world military spending. Peacekeeping | | | | two Congolese rebel movement sign Ceasefire |
| operations are financed through the | | | | Agreement for cessation of hostilities |
| peacekeeping budget and include troops from | | | | between belligerent forces in Democratic |
| various countries; this "burden-sharing" can | | | | Republic of Congo. MONUC set up to maintain |
| offer extraordinary efficiency in human, | | | | liaison with the parties. In February 2000, |
| financial and political terms. As the | | | | MONUC expands to monitor implementation of |
| Secretary General stated ion Agenda for | | | | ceasefire, devise action plan for overall |
| Peace. " The contrast between the costs of | | | | implementation of Agreement and redeployment |
| United nations peacekeeping and cost of | | | | of parties' forces. UN Mission in Ethiopia |
| alternative war between the demands of the | | | | and Eritrea In July 2000, after two years of |
| Organization and the means provided to meet | | | | fighting in border dispute, Ethiopia and |
| them-would be farcical were the consequences | | | | Eritrea sign cessation of hostilities |
| not so damaging to global stability and the | | | | agreement following proximity talks led by |
| credibility of the Organization." He also | | | | Algeria and Organization of African Unity. In |
| noted that at the end of last decade, global | | | | July, Security Council sets up UNMEE to |
| expenditure had reached $1 trillion a year, | | | | maintain liaison with parties and establish |
| or $2 million per minute. Following up on one | | | | mechanism for verifying ceasefire. In |
| of the recommendations contained in An Agenda | | | | September, Security Council authorize |
| for Peace, the General Assembly , in December | | | | deployment of military personnel to monitor |
| 1992, decided to establish, under the | | | | cessation of hostilities, redeployment of |
| Secretary General's authority, a Peacekeeping | | | | troops and temporary security zone; and to |
| Reserve Fund of $150 million as a cash-flow | | | | assist in ensuring observance of security |
| mechanism to ensure that the United Nations | | | | commitments by parties. UN Observer Group in |
| is able to respond rapidly and effectively to | | | | Central America The UN became involved in |
| the growing demands of peacekeeping | | | | Central America in 1989, when Costa Rica, El |
| operations. According to United Nations | | | | Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua |
| Peacekeeping statistical data "total | | | | requested its assistance in their collective |
| estimated cost of operations from 1st July to | | | | agreement to end the conflicts that were |
| 30 June 2000 are $2.5 billion." In this | | | | disrupting the region, promote democratic |
| Section of I would throw light on United | | | | elections and pursue democratization and |
| Nations Peacekeeping Operations in each | | | | dialogue. As part of Central American peace |
| continent of the world. PACEKEEPING | | | | process, in 1989 Security Council establishes |
| OPERATIONS IN ASIA There are 18 Peacekeeping | | | | ONUCA to verify compliance by five Central |
| operations underway in Asia. Two in South | | | | American Governments with security |
| Asia, two in Central Asia, nine in Middle | | | | commitments. Under Esquipulas II Agreement, |
| East and five in Far East. South Asia UN | | | | ONUCA later assists in monitoring ceasefire |
| Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan | | | | and separation of forces between opposing |
| "UNMOGIP is the second oldest UN peace | | | | parties in Nicaragua and in demobilizing |
| keeping mission. It was set up in 1949". | | | | Nicaraguan resistance. UN Observer mission in |
| The UN has continued to be concerned with the | | | | El Salvador An integrated operation, ONUSAL |
| oldest dispute between India and Pakistan | | | | verifies agreement between Government of El |
| over Kashmir. This dispute has become a | | | | Salvador and FMLN to end decade long civil |
| nuclear flash point in poverty ridden South | | | | war. Agreements cover ceasefire, reform and |
| Asia. A renowned Pakistani General states | | | | reduction of armed forces, creation of new |
| and expresses the mindset of Pakistan in 1995 | | | | police force, reform of judicial and |
| that "durable peace may elude South Asia so | | | | electoral systems, human rights, land tenure, |
| long as the Kashmir dispute remains | | | | and other economic and social issues. ONUSAL |
| unsettled". Intellectuals are agreed that | | | | also verifies election in match and April |
| "without settlement of Kashmir dispute, | | | | 1994. Its mandate ended in 1995. UN |
| durable peace between the two countries | | | | Verification Mission in Guatemala The |
| cannot be maintained". It has the dubious | | | | Security Council from 1991 observed talks |
| distinction of being the oldest unresolved | | | | between government and URNG aimed at ending |
| dispute on the agenda of UN. This issue has | | | | the civil war, which had lasted over three |
| eroded the credibility of the UN in the eyes | | | | decades and resulted in some 200,000 people |
| of Muslims of the world. The Security Council | | | | killed or missing. In 1996 Government and |
| first discussed the issue in 1948, following | | | | URNG sign peace agreement ending 36 years of |
| India's complaint that tribesmen and others, | | | | conflict. Security Council attaches military |
| with Pakistan's help and participation, were | | | | component to MINUGUA, established in 1994 by |
| invading Kashmir and that fighting was | | | | General Assembly to verify human rights |
| tasking place. Pakistan categorically denied | | | | agreement. Military component verifies |
| the allegation and declared Kashmir's | | | | ceasefire agreement, separation of forces and |
| accession to India illegal. The Security | | | | demobilization of URNG combatants. Conclusion |
| Council recommended measures to stop the | | | | The aforementioned enormous successful |
| fighting, including the use of observers, and | | | | Peacekeeping Operation vindicate that United |
| to create conducive conditions for a | | | | Nations has accomplished its lofty objectives |
| plebiscite. It established a United Nations | | | | of service to humanity. The United Nations |
| Commission for India and Pakistan, which made | | | | has justified its existence as effective |
| proposals on a ceasefire and troop | | | | global agency intended to bring and keep |
| withdrawals, and proposed that the issue be | | | | peace among international communities. No |
| decided by plebiscite. Both sides accepted, | | | | power can sideline or overshadow the United |
| but India did not agreed on the modalities | | | | Nation, howsoever powerful on the earth. It |
| for the plebiscite. India had since then | | | | must be remembered that the United Nation is |
| flied in the face of UN resolutions. As a | | | | not an external abstraction to resolve all |
| matter of fact, "almost all efforts and every | | | | problems that confronts sovereign states in |
| constructive proposal to resolve the dispute | | | | their mutual relationships and a desire of |
| were dashed by the consistent and unyielding | | | | living together as an international |
| Indian obduracy". Since 1949, the UNMOGIP | | | | community. Unfortunately, due to two main |
| has been observing the ceasefire in this | | | | Muslim burning problems, it is widely |
| disputed area. Following the 1972 India- | | | | believed by the Muslims all over the world |
| Pakistan agreement defining a line of control | | | | that the United Nation has often been late to |
| in turbulent Kashmir, the parties undertook | | | | react to their political or socio-economic |
| to settle their difference peacefully and | | | | problem. It failed in Bosnia when the Serbs |
| amicably and achieve a final settlement. | | | | were carrying out ethnic cleansing against |
| After the agreement, India as usual, in order | | | | the Bosnian Muslims during 1992-93. It is |
| to avoid and gain time, maintained that the | | | | unable or reluctant to implement its |
| mandate of UNMOGIP had lapsed, a position not | | | | resolutions on Kashmir and Palestine, and the |
| accepted by Pakistan. The Secretary General | | | | Cyprus issue remains unresolved. It was also |
| has maintained that only the Security Council | | | | absent during the slaughter in Rwanda during |
| can terminate the mission, and has | | | | early n1990s. The United Nation, in order to |
| consistently expressed his readiness to | | | | prove its effectiveness and usefulness must |
| facilitate the search for an overall solution | | | | dispel this notion (prevailed) in the minds |
| of this thorny problem. "By providing the | | | | and hearts of Muslims of world by addressing |
| people of Jammu and Kashmir the right to | | | | their political and socio-economic problems. |
| self-determination and by helping them | | | | It is my personnel observation that the |
| exercise this right without fear, the UN may | | | | United Nation is doing a tremendous job to |
| regain its lost credibility and play the role | | | | unravel these knotty problems. The main |
| of a catalyst in international politics. " | | | | problem is that ninety percent of Muslim |
| United Nations INDIA _ PAKISTAN OBSERVATION | | | | population of world lacks the ABC of English |
| MISSION The SC established to supervise the | | | | language, the official language of the United |
| ceasefire along the India Pakistan border | | | | Nations. The information regarding the |
| except in state of Jammu and Kashmir, where | | | | conducive and positive activities of the |
| UNMOGIP operated, and the withdrawal of armed | | | | United Nations does not reach to the majority |
| personnel to the positions held by them | | | | of Muslim population. Therefore, the United |
| before 5 august 1965. 2. UN Good Offices | | | | Nation must activate its information centers |
| Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan Following | | | | to disseminate and inform about its lofty |
| soviet military intervention in Afghanistan | | | | activities and accomplished objectives not |
| in December, 1979, it was established by | | | | only to the masses of Muslim countries but |
| Security Council to assist the representative | | | | also to the masses of world in their mother |
| of Secretary General to lend his good offices | | | | tongue. It will surely dispel the prevalent |
| to the parties in ensuring the implementation | | | | notion about the crucial work being |
| of the Agreements on the settlement of the | | | | accomplished by the United Nations |
| situation relating to Afghanistan and in this | | | | irrespective of race and religion in the |
| context to investigate and report possible | | | | world. The Muslim population of the world |
| violations of any of the provisions of the | | | | must be reminded and realized that it was the |
| agreements. Following hectic efforts by the | | | | collective will of the United Nations that |
| United Nations and world community the Geneva | | | | the tiny Arab country Kuwait was liberated |
| Accord was signed, committing Afghanistan and | | | | from the inclement clutches of Sadam. There |
| Pakistan to mutual non-interference and | | | | is no any Muslim country that could have |
| voluntary return of refugees and calling for | | | | liberated the Kuwait from bondage of sadist |
| Soviet withdrawal. Security Council | | | | Sadam. The "Soul" of Islamic world Saudi |
| authorizes UNGOMAP to monitor agreements | | | | Arabia would have been under the control of |
| implementation. UN Peacekeeping Operations in | | | | Sadam. It was the enormous diplomatic and |
| Middle East United Nations Truce Supervision | | | | political pressure of The United Nations that |
| Organization It was established in 1948 to | | | | Soviet Empire withdrew from a Muslim country |
| assist and support the mediator and the Truce | | | | Afghanistan. Being a Muslim it is shocking |
| Commission in supervising the observance of | | | | to learn the surprising truth that the United |
| truce in Palestine. Since then, UNTSO has | | | | States contributes 25% followed by Japan and |
| accomplished various tasks, including the | | | | West Europe to the United Nations. The Muslim |
| supervision of the General Armistice | | | | countries are reluctantly contributing hardly |
| Agreement of 1949 and the observation of the | | | | 10% to the United Nations. It is the |
| cease fire in the Suez Canal area and the | | | | responsibility of our Muslim rulers to reduce |
| Golan Heights following the Arab - Israel war | | | | the suffering of our people. It is widely |
| of June 1967. "The United Nations has been | | | | believed that these despotic rulers (majority |
| concerned with the question of Middle East | | | | pro US) in order to preserve their rule spent |
| from its earliest days. It has formulated | | | | lions share on the whimsical notion of |
| principles for a peaceful settlement and | | | | territorial security rather than human |
| dispatched various peacekeeping operations, | | | | security. They clandestinely nurture |
| and continues to support efforts towards a | | | | 'Terrorist Groups' and create hue and cry |
| just, lasting and comprehensive solution to | | | | against western democratic system. The |
| the political problem" . Unresolved, | | | | United Nations as a 'Guardian' of human |
| Arab-Israeli conflict led to warfare in 48, | | | | security should strive to liberate peoples |
| 56, 67 and 73, each conflict leading member | | | | from the cruel clutches of despotic and |
| states to call for United Nations mediation | | | | undemocratic regimes from all over the world. |
| and peacekeeping missions. The 1956 conflict | | | | No doubt they will cry and machinate against |
| saw the deployment of the first full-fledged | | | | this positive development, but the down |
| peacekeeping force, the United Nations | | | | trodden people of world would remember this |
| Emergency Force, which oversaw troop | | | | as golden moments in the history. The United |
| withdrawals and contributed to peace and | | | | Nation must wholly support the idea of |
| stability. Some strategic analyst regards the | | | | 'Regime Change' in undemocratic countries of |
| Middle East problem as a blot on the face of | | | | the world. These undemocratic and despotic |
| United Nation. It must strive to efface this | | | | rulers make hue and cry against the United |
| ugly blot. The sole hyper power, United State | | | | Nation that this global body is not |
| should play its constructive and positive | | | | performing properly and hindering the process |
| role to obliterate the notion of | | | | of development. These rulers should be |
| ineffectiveness of United Nations. UNITED | | | | punished so that the people of world live in |
| NATIONS EMERGENCY FORCE I, and II The UNEF I | | | | a world of peace and fraternity. These rulers |
| commenced from November 1956- June 1967 and | | | | are the main supporter and nurturer of |
| UNEF II from October 1973 to july1979. | | | | 'Terrorist Groups' creating uncertainty and |
| Fallowing the nationalization of Suez Canal | | | | terror in the world. These rulers and their |
| by Egypt Israel, France and United Kingdom | | | | cohorts are responsible for endangering the |
| attacked the former. Veto by France and | | | | world peace and clash of civilizations. These |
| United Kingdom prevented Security Council | | | | undemocratic rulers would not hesitate to |
| action. Emergency General Assembly session | | | | repeat the holocaust of 9/11 any where in the |
| established UNEF1, first armed United Nations | | | | world only to perpetuate their unpopular and |
| Peacekeeping force to supervise withdrawal of | | | | despotic rule. The United Nation can save |
| invading forces and acted as buffer between | | | | heavy spending on peacekeeping operations by |
| Egypt and Israel. In May 1967 Egypt compelled | | | | overthrowing these regimes all over the |
| UNEF1 to withdraw. The maximum strength of | | | | world. Actually these rogue regimes are |
| the emergency force was 6073. Ninety | | | | responsible for political crisis. The United |
| fatalities occurred during the operations. | | | | Nations should make it obligatory to protect |
| The total expenditure was $214.3 million. UN | | | | the idea of human security rather than |
| Observation Group in Lebanon Violent conflict | | | | protecting and validating undemocratic |
| in Lebanon over proposed constitutional | | | | regimes. The UN in the supreme interest of |
| changes occurred. The Security Council in | | | | people of world support and promote the |
| June December 1958 established UNOGIL to | | | | process of democratization of world. The |
| ensure that personnel, arms and material are | | | | majority of Muslim population has appreciated |
| not infiltrated across Lebanese border. After | | | | the efforts of UN in Iraq, where a dictator |
| conflict is settled NOGIL was withdrawn. UN | | | | was overthrown and humiliated by the US and |
| Yemen observation Mission Egypt and Saudi | | | | its allies. The International Politics |
| Arabia supported opposing forces in Yemen's | | | | revealed that how other 'parasite' dictators |
| civil war which flared wider conflict. The | | | | are acceding to the will of world body. The |
| Secretary General's initiative succeeded and | | | | Libyan dictator had conceded to the |
| Disengagement Agreement was signed. The | | | | collective will of global body only to save |
| Security Council established United Nations | | | | his despotic rule over the country. The UN |
| Yemen Observation Mission to observe the | | | | should not accept his rule; otherwise the |
| implementation of the disengagement agreement | | | | people of world would consider UN as |
| between Saudi Arabia and the United Arab | | | | collaborators of these dictators. This policy |
| Republic. United Nations Disengagement Force | | | | on the part of UN is highly unacceptable to |
| It was commenced from June 1974. Uneasy truce | | | | the majority of masses of world. UN |
| on the Golan Heights after 1973 war is | | | | Secretary General Kofi Annan pointed out in a |
| replaced by agreed disengagement of Israeli | | | | most significant document on Africa, The |
| forces and Syrian forces. The SC established | | | | Causes of Conflict and the Promotion of |
| UNDOF to supervise the cease-fire between | | | | Durable peace and sustainable Development in |
| Israel and Syria; to supervise the | | | | Africa, that "United Nations peacekeeping |
| disengagement of Israeli and Syrian forces; | | | | will not always be the best answer to every |
| and to supervise the areas of separation and | | | | problem, either in Africa or elsewhere". He |
| limitation, as provided in the Agreement on | | | | also conceded that "conflict in Africa posed |
| Disengagement between Israeli and Syrian | | | | a major challenge to UN efforts designed to |
| forces of 31 may 1974. The current strength | | | | ensure global peace, prosperity and Human |
| is 1120 troops assisted by the military | | | | rights for all". In my opinion it is not |
| observers of UNTSO's Observer group Golan. | | | | the failure or inability of United Nation but |
| The annual cost is approximately $36 million. | | | | it is the veto power frequently used by |
| United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon It | | | | mighty powers to procure their vital |
| was commenced from March 1978 to confirm the | | | | interest. "The overriding vested political |
| withdrawal of Israeli forces from southern | | | | and economic interests of the more |
| Lebanon following the brutal invasion of | | | | influential and powerful players limit its |
| Israel in Lebanon. The Security Council | | | | role in conflict prevention and resolution". |
| establishes UNIFIL to restore peace and | | | | The Brahimi report contends "Member states |
| security and help Lebanese Government restore | | | | must recognize that the United Nation is the |
| its effective authority in area. The current | | | | sum of its parts and accept that the primary |
| strength is 5280 troops, and 190 fatalities | | | | responsibility for reform lies within them. |
| happened. The annual cost is approximately | | | | The failures of the United Nations are not |
| $146 million. UNITED NATIONS IRAN-IRAQ | | | | those of the Secretariat alone, or troop |
| MILITARY OBSERVER GROUP After eight year of | | | | commanders or the leaders of field missions. |
| fratricidal war and following hectic | | | | Most occurred because the Security Council |
| diplomacy led by Secretary General, Iran and | | | | and the Member States crafted and supported |
| Iraq agree to ceasefire. It functioned | | | | ambiguous, inconsistent and under-funded |
| between august 1988 to February 1191. The SC | | | | mandates and then stood back and watched as |
| established UNIIMOG to verify, confirm and | | | | they failed, sometimes even adding critical |
| supervise the ceasefire and the withdrawal of | | | | public commentary as the credibility of the |
| all forces to the internationally recognized | | | | United Nations underwent its severest tests." |
| boundaries, pending a comprehensive | | | | I would conclude the article with the |
| settlement. Unite Nations observers concluded | | | | golden words of Kofi Annan "The international |
| mission in 1991 after confirming withdrawal | | | | system for much of the last century was based |
| of both sides' forces to internationally | | | | on division and hard calculations of real |
| recognized borders. UN IRAQ - KUWAIT | | | | politic. In the new century, we can and must |
| OBSERVATION MISSION It was established in | | | | do better. I do not mean to suggest that an |
| April 1991 following Himalayan blunder by the | | | | era of complete harmony is within our reach, |
| Iraqi President Saddam of invading a Muslim | | | | of course, interests and ideas will always |
| country. The United Nations response to | | | | clash. But we can improve on the last |
| Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in1991 illustrates | | | | century's dismal record". Postal Address; |
| the range of options it has at its disposal | | | | Professor Abdul Qayum Mangi, Chairman, |
| in the pursuit of restoring international | | | | Department of International Relations, Post |
| peace and security. The Security Council | | | | Graduate Studies Centre at Islamia Arts/Comm |
| immediately condemned the invasion, demanded | | | | College Sukkur Sindh Pakistan. Phone; |
| Iraq's unconditional and immediate | | | | 92.071.614748 . |
| withdrawal, and rightly imposed comprehensive | | | | |