UN peacekeeping: A service to humanity

UN Peace keeping operations: A service to				the 1990 session of the General Assembly, all
humanity. Abstract Never in the annals of human				member states condemned Iraq's brutal action.
history had national or international organization				The Security Council set 15 January 1991 as the
rendered meritorious service to the mankind like				deadline for Iraq's compliance with the Councils
The United Nation since its inception. The United				resolutions, and authorized member states
Nation is a unique organization of independent and				cooperating with Kuwait to use "all necessary
sovereign states. These states have coalesced				means" to implement these resolutions and
together to work for welfare and betterment of				restore international peace and security in the
the people, promote friendship among all nations				area. Faced with Iraq's non-compliance, on 16
and support economic and social progress in the				January coalition forces led by United States
world. Despite, manipulation by the major powers				firmly pledge to restore Kuwait's sovereignty and
during and after cold war the United Nation is				began attacks against Iraq. Hostilities were
persistently trying to accomplish promise of its				suspended in February, after the Iraqi forces had
charter. It is a crystal clear fact that services to				left Kuwait. By resolution 687 (1991), the Security
mankind were hampered due to expansionist and				Council sets terms for a ceasefire, demanded
irrational policies pursued by both super powers				that Iraq and Kuwait respect the borders
and their undemocratic allies in order to procure				inviolability, called for deploying United Nations
their national and global interests. Introduction We				observers, took action on compensation for war
live in a world of constant change. The humanity				damages, and decided that Iraq's weapons of
is threatened not only by their despotic				mass destruction should be eliminated. The
governments but also by a new wave of				Security Council established a demilitarized zone
'International Terrorism' created and nurtured by				along the border. To monitor the zone, it set up
undemocratic and despotic regimes of Muslim				an observer mission, the United Nations Iraq -
Countries. As the global body responds to new				Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM). Originally, it
threats internal or external and takes on new				was established as an unarmed observation
tasks, its peace-keeping activities also have				mission with the mandate to monitor the Khawr
entered a period of rapid and profound evolution.				"Abd Allah waterway between Iraq and Kuwait
This article is an attempt to throw light on United				and the Demilitarized zone. To deter violations of
Nations peace-keeping operations in the world and				the boundary through its presence in and
to apprise the people of Muslim countries about				surveillance of the Demilitarized Zone, and to
noble and meritorious services rendered by the				observe any hostile action mounted from the
United Nations, whose image has been deliberately				territory of one state against the other. In
tarnished by the undemocratic and despotic rulers.				February 1993, following a series of incidents in
I would like to divulge peace-keeping operations in				January, the Security Council decided to increase
all continents of the world so that the people of				UNIKOMs strength and to extend its terms of
world in general and especially the people of				reference to include the capacity to take physical
Pakistan know the important and crucial role being				action to prevent violation of the DMZ and of the
played by the United Nation for the betterment				newly demarcated boundary between Iraq and
of people of the world irrespective of race and				Kuwait. The strength was 3645 military personnel.
religion. The distinctive blue helmets and blue				The annual cost was approximately $65 million.
berets of United Nation peacekeeper are one of				PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA
the most enduring images of an organization				UN Mission Observers in Tajikistan Tajikistan is
founded after Second World War to promote				destabilized by civil war after getting independence
world peace through international cooperation.				from Soviet Union. From 1992, United Nation
United Nation peace activities commenced in 1956,				pursues good offices between Government and
and have since been through some profound				united Tajik Opposition. Commonwealth of
changes. From monitoring ceasefire when the				independent States deploys peacekeeping force.
warring parties accede to halt fighting, to peace				UNMOT monitors ceasefire and maintains liaison
enforcement and armed intervention. There are				with CIS force. Parties sign general peace
two ways the United Nation endeavors about				agreement in June 1997 and UNMOT is expanded
peace in the world. PEACEMAKING By virtue of				to help monitor implementation. UN Observer
its lofty role as the eminent forum for diplomatic				Mission in Georgia Abkhaz separatists attempt to
activity, the United Nation is crucially placed to				secede from Georgia. Fighting erupts in 1992 as
prevent, manage or resolve disputes through				Government troops try to secure rail and
mediation and persuasion. The present Secretary				communications links. The sc set up UNOMIG to
General of the United Nation Kofi Anan describes				verify 1993 ceasefire, but suspends deployment
peacemaking as: "The use of diplomatic means to				when ceasefire breaks down. In May 1994,
persuade parties in conflict to cease hostilities and				Commonwealth of Independent States deploys
to negotiate a peaceful settlement of their				peacekeeping force. Expanded UNOMIG observes
dispute." Peacemaking describes a range of				operation of Commonwealth of Independent of
diplomatic and political activities that attempt to				States and implementation UN Peacekeeping
bring parties in dispute together by amicable and				Operation in South East Asia and FAR EAST UN
peaceful means. Under its Charter, the first of the				Security Force in West New Guinea There was
purpose of UN is "To maintain international peace				dispute between Indonesia and Netherlands over
and security, and to that end: to take effective				West Irian. The General Assembly establishes
collective measures for the prevention and				Agreement on UN Temporary Executive
removal of threats to the peace, and for the				Authority (UNTEA) to assume administrative
suppression of acts of aggression or other				responsibility for territory, pending transfer to
breaches of the peace, and to bring about by				Indonesia. Both UNTEA and UNSF monitor
peaceful means, and in conformity with the				ceasefire and help ensure law and order during
principles of justice and international law,				transition. UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia
adjustment or settlement of international disputes				Cambodia's four factions sign Paris Agreement in
or situations which might lead to a breach of				October 1991. UNTAC disarm and demobilizes
peace." Chapters VI and VII of the Charter spell				armed forces, control administrative structures,
out concrete measures which the United Nations				promotes human rights, repatriate refugees,
security Council - the principal organ vested with				conducted elections and begins country's
the primary responsibility for maintaining				rehabilitation. The election was successfully held in
international peace and security - can take to				May 1993. UNTAC withdraws after promulgation
achieve this purpose. Chapter VI, on the peaceful				of constitution. UN Advance Mission in Cambodia It
settlement of disputes "likely to endanger the				paved way for UN Transitional Authority in
maintenance of international peace and security"				Cambodia. It operated from October 1991 to
can be brought to the attention of the Security				March 1992. UN TRANSITIONAL
Council. The Security Council is mandated to call				ADMINISTRATION IN EAST TIMOR In August
on the parties to settle their disputes by peaceful				1999, UN conducts poll in which East Timorese
means, to recommend appropriate procedures or				chose to separate from Indonesia. Security
methods of adjustment and in addition, to				Council authorizes International Force (INTERFET)
recommend actual terms of settlement.				to restore order. Security Council sets up
PEACEKEEPING These opera rations are the most				UNTAET to help East Timorese make transition
public face of the United Nations performance and				to independence, administer the Territory, build
aptly reflect its primary function for the				capacity for self government, organize elections
maintenance and perseverance of world peace,				and create structure for rule of law and human
fraternity, security and human development.				rights. UN MISSION IN HAITI In September 1991,
Former UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros				the first democratically elected President is
Ghali defined peacekeeping in 'Agenda for Peace'				overthrown. Following agreement to restore
as: "The deployment of a UN presence in the field,				constitutional Government, UNMIH created to help
hitherto with the consent of all parties concerned,				modernize army and set up new police. Coup
normally involving UN military and/or Police				leaders prevent UNMIH's deployment, and
personnel and frequently civilians as well." Former				advance team withdraws. In 1994, multinational
United Nation Secretary General Dag				force restores legitimate government. UNMIH
HammarskjÃ¶ld, (Sweeden,1953-1961)				takes over to sustain secure environment, help
perceived as father of UN peacekeeping, defined				set up new police and create conditions for free
the principles of peacekeeping as "A mission must				and fair elections. Follow on operations continue to
have the authorization of Security Council; UN				support the professionalization of national police.
involvement in a conflict requires the consent of				UN Support Mission in Haiti (July 1996-July 1997),
the parties to that conflict; a mission must				UN Transition Mission in Haiti (August 1997-Nov
maintain operational neutrality and so must not				1997) and UN Civilian Police Mission in Haiti
influence the political balance of power between				(DEC_1997-March 2000) also performed tasks in
warring parties; peacekeepers should not use				Haiti under the Security Council Prescriptions.
coercive force, except in self defense; and				United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in Europe
personnel for an operation must be recruited				UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus The Security
voluntarily from UN member states, excluding				Council sets up UNFICYP in 1964 to prevent
from permanent five members of the security				further fighting between Greek Cypriot and
council and states with interest in the conflict."				Turkish Cypriot communities and to contribute to
"Peace-keeping is a technique that expands the				maintenance of law and order and return to
possibilities for both the prevention of conflict and				normal conditions. Turkish military intervention on
of conflict and the making of peace." A way to				heels of 1974 coup by members of Greek
control conflicts and promotes peace and				Cypriot National Guard leaves island divided.
fraternity Peacekeeping as a concept is not				UNFICYP remains to supervise ceasefire lines,
specifically described in the United Nations Charter.				maintain buffer zone and undertake humanitarian
It goes beyond purely diplomatic means for the				activities. UNITED NATIONS PROTECTION FORCE
peaceful settlement of disputes described in				UNPROFORCE is first set up in Croatia to ensure
chapter VI, but falls short of the military or other				demilitarization of designated areas. Mandate was
enforcement provisions of Chapter VII. As				than extended to Bosnia and Herzegovina to
former Secretary General Dag				support delivery of humanitarian relief, monitor no
HammarskjÃ¶ld stated "peacekeeping might				fly zone and safe areas. Later, UNPROFOR
be put in a new Chapter Six and a half."				deploys to Former Yugoslav Republic of
Peace-keeping as pioneered by the United Nations				Macedonia (FYROM) for preventive monitoring in
as one of the means for maintaining international				border areas. In March 1995, UNPROFOR was
peace, security and human development.				restructured as UNCRO (Croatia), UNPROFOR
Interposed between antagonist and hostile states,				(Bosnia and Herzegovina) and UNPREDEP
or sometimes between hostile communities within				(FYROM). UN PREDEP UN preventive Deployment
state, international military personnel under the				Force replaces UNPROFOR in Former Yugoslav
umbrella of United Nation have saved countless				Republic of Macedonia. Monitors development in
lives and contributed to creating the conditions				areas along borders with Federal Republic of
necessary for the amicable and peaceful				Yugoslavia and Albania which could undermine
settlement of conflict or dispute through negations				country's stability, and promotes inter ethnic
and persuasions. United Nations peacekeeping				dialogue within country. UN Mission in Bosnia
operations are a crucial "instrument at the disposal				Herzegovina In December 1995, General
of the international community to advance				Framework Agreement was signed, UNPROFOR
international peace and security." United Nation				withdraws and NATO led force (IFOR) was
peace-keeping activities have enhanced and				deployed. UNMIBH helped implement Agreement
broadened dramatically in recent time. In the span				by coordinating UN activities related to
of five decade, the Organization has launched				humanitarian relief, demining, human rights,
more operations than in previous years. The				elections and rehabilitation of infrastructure,
growth is not only in quantity but also in quality.				UNMIBH cooperated with IFOR and its successor
Peace-keeping operations are taking on new tasks				SFOR. UNMIBH's police Task Force monitored law
and often go beyond traditional activities.				enforcement. UN Transitional Administration for
Peace-keeping operations are established by the				Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium
Security Council and directed by the Secretary				Basic Agreement of November 1995 provides for
General, often through a special representative				peaceful integration of region into Croatia and
depending on the mission, the force commander				request UN to set up administration to govern
or the Chief Military observer is responsible for				region during transition and authorize international
the military aspects. The United Nation has no				force to maintain law and order. UNTAES
military force of its own, and Member States				supervised demilitarization, monitored voluntary
provide, on a voluntary basis, the personnel,				return of refugees, conducted and certified April
equipment and logistics required for an operation.				1997 elections. UN Mission of observers in
Member States carefully negotiate the terms of				Prevlaka UNMOP continues monitoring
their participation, including command and control				demilitarization of Prevlaka peninsula, a strategic
arrangements, and retain ultimate authority over				area in southern Croatia bordering Federal Republic
their own military troops. Peacekeepers wear their				of Yugoslavia. This task was begun by
country's uniform: they are identified as				UNPROFOR in October 1992 and carried on by
peacekeepers only by a United Nations blue				UNCRO from 1995 to 1996. UN Interim
helmet or beret and a badge. "Peacekeeping				Administration Mission in Kosovo In June 1999,
operations fulfill the role of an impartial third party				Security Council authorizes a NATO led security
to help create and maintain a ceasefire and form				presence (KFOR) to demilitarize Kosovo and
a buffer zone between warring parties. This				maintain law and order, and UNMIK, a UN
makes easier the search for amicable and				peacekeeping operation, to exercise administrative
peaceful settlement of conflict through diplomatic				and executing authority, including administration of
channels. As peacekeeper maintains peace on the				justice, rehabilitate the territory and prepare it for
ground, mediators from the United Nation meet				elections and eventual autonomy within Federal
with leaders from the disputing parties or				Republic of Yugoslavia. UNITED NATIONS PEACE
countries and try to reach a peaceful solution to				KEEPING OPERATION IN AFRICA UN Operation in
the problem." There are two types of				the Congo Newly independent Congo faced
peacekeeping operations: observer mission and				mutiny by armed forces. Belgian military
peacekeeping forces. Observers are not armed.				intervened and led to increased disorder. Congo
Soldiers of UN peacekeeping forces carry light				Government requested UN military assistance.
weapons, which they use only in self-defense.				The Security Council established ONUC. Province
They may protect relief shipments, provide				of Katanga seceded and ONUC faced task of
services for victims, respond to refugee needs,				maintains the country's territorial integrity and
enforce embargoes, remove mines, and seek to				political independence. The ONUC stopped civil war
disarm warring parties. In addition to military				and secured withdrawal of foreign military from
-related aspects, many United Nation operations				the Congo. UN Angola Verification Mission I
now involve a large civilian dimension: election				Negotiation lead to agreement on phased
monitoring, human rights verification, humanitarian				withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, verified
relief, administrative management, institution				by UN military observer, as step towards an
building, and the restoration of infrastructure and				implementing UN plan for Namibia's independence.
services. Over 750000 soldiers and civilians have				UN observers report withdrawal of last Cuban
served under the UN flag in 56 peacekeeping				troops from Angola in may 1991. UN Angola
operations since 1948. According to United Nation				verification Mission II UNAVEM II deploys military
peacekeeping Statistical Data and Charts "there				and civilian personnel to help Angolan Government
were 1,790 fatalities. Of the 1790 fatalities				and UNITA carry out peace agreement ending 16
(35.14%) were caused by hostile actins and				years of civil war and verifies election, but UNITA
(64.86%) by non-hostile actions" With the rise in				contests result. After renewed fighting, UNAVEM
demand for UN peacekeeping, particularly in the				II helps two sides bring about ceasefire and
Balkans and Africa, the number of operations				agreements on completing peace process. UNITA
increased to 56 by the March 2003. According to				and Government subsequently sign Lusaka
United Nations Peacekeeping from 1991 to 2000				Protocol. UNAVEM II verified stages of peace
Statistical Data "over the past decade, the				agreement. UN ANGOLA VERIFICATION
deployment of the military and civilian police has				MISSION III UNAVEM III helped Government and
been subjected to wide fluctuations. The decade				UNITA in restoring peace and achieving national
began with relatively low levels of military and				reconciliation on the basis of peace Accords and
civilian police deployment, with a total strength of				Lusaka Protocol, including by monitoring ceasefire
approximately 10,000 in 1991. The strengths				and disarmament and supporting humanitarian
soared and reached their peak at approximately				activities and mine clearance. Despite
78,000 in 1993, largely due to the expansions in				comprehensive timetable, parties did not complete
the United Nations operation in United Nations				all tasks before mandate ends. Follow on mission
Protection Force in Somalia (UNOSOM II). In late				MONUA, continues to assist parties in consolidating
1994, UNPROR alone had nearly 40,000 troops."				peace and national reconciliation. UN Transition
The statistical data reveal that in 1995, the				Assistance Group In 1978 sc adopts detailed plan
numbers of peacekeeping personnel declined				for Namibia's transition to independence through
sharply, mainly as a result of the end of				free and fair elections under UN supervision.
mandates of UNOSOM II in March and December.				Further negotiations spanning almost ten years
As of January 1996, the total deployment of				are needed to overcome resistance to plan.
military and civilian police stood at approximately				In1989 UN fields UNTAG with 8,000military and
29,000, less that half of its previous levels. These				civilian personnel of 120 nationalities. UNTAG's
numbers continued to decline from 1996 until the				mission accomplished .Namibia joined UN in April
middle of 1999 when they dropped to				1990. UN Mission for the referendum in Western
approximately 12,000.The trend was reversed				Sahara In 1988, Morocco's Government and
towards the latter part of 1999 with the				Polisario agreed on plan leading to referendum
deployment of large mission in Kosovo, East				allowing people of Western Sahara to decide
Timor and Sierra Lone. The Statistical Data				territory's political future. MINURSO deploys to
further divulge that a noticeable trend during				implement ceasefire and organize conduct
1990s has been the growing participation of civilian				referendum. Difference over key elements delay
police in peacekeeping operations. The United				plan's full implementation; ceasefire remains in
Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia				effect. UN Operation in Somalia I In 1991, factional
(UNTAC) employed approximately 3,500 civilian				fighting leads to famine and collapse of
police in 1992-1993. The number hovered				Government services. UNOSOM I monitor 1992
between 1,000 and 3,000 since the end the				ceasefire, coordinate humanitarian assistance and
Cambodian operations, but began to increase in				ensure security of relief supplies. When situation
the later part of 1999 and stand at nearly 8,000				deteriorates, Security Council authorizes Member
at the end of 2000. Reflecting the level of				states to form Unified Task Force UNITAF) to
peacekeeping costs also fluctuated significantly in				ensure safe delivery of humanitarian assistance.
the 1190s. From a $0.4 billion budget in 1991, the				UNOSOM II UNOSOM II takes over from UNITAF.
costs rose to an all time high of $3.6 billion in 1993.				Its mandate is to establish, including through
The peacekeeping budgets decreased in the latter				enforcement measures, secure environment for
part of the decade and dropped to 1.0 billion in				humanitarian assistance by monitoring ceasefires,
1998. The peacekeeping costs increased in				seizing unauthorized arms, maintaining security at
1999-2000 and are projected for 2.5 billion in the				ports, mine clearing, and assisting refugee
peacekeeping budgetary cycle of July 2000 to				repatriation. UNOSOM also works to reestablish
June 2001. Since the establishment of the United				police and political structure. In 1994, after
Nations in 1945, close to 130 nations have				Security Council excludes coercive methods from
contributed military and civilian police personnel in				mandate, UNOSOM II promotes negotiations and
56 peacekeeping operations at various times. The				supports humanitarian efforts. UN OBSERVER
last decade also showed a substantial increase in				MISSION UGANDA_RWANDA Despite series of
troop contributions of developing countries in the				ceasefire, fighting resumes in 1993 between
United Nations peacekeeping operations. For				Rwanda's Government and Rwandese Patriotic
example, in the beginning of 1991, out of the top				Front across border with Uganda. Following new
ten troop contributors, only two were developing				ceasefire, Security Council deploys UNOMUR in
countries, Ghana and Nepal, while by the end of				Uganda to verify that no assistance is provided
2000, eight out of the top ten troop contributors				across the border. UN Observer Mission in Liberia
are developing countries: Bangladesh, Ghana, India,				Civil war breaks out in 1990. Economic Community
Jordan, Kenya, Nepal, Nigeria and Pakistan. The				of West African states (ECOWAS) dispatches
effectiveness of peacekeeping forces derives				peacekeeping force and mediates series of
from a combination of factors, foremost among				agreement. UNOMIL works with ECOMOG,
them the presence of United Nations				monitors compliance with ceasefire and arms
peacekeepers as physical expression f moral				embargo, and demobilization. UNOMIL also
authority of the Organization and the concern of				investigates human rights violations. Despite
the international community. Receiving the Nobel				serious set backs and fighting, parties agree to
peace Prize In 1988, the Nobel Peace Prize was				ECOWAS timetable in 1997. UNOMIL observes
awarded to United Nations peacekeepers for				elections in consultation with ECOWAS and
"demanding and hazardous service in the cause of				organization of African Unity. UN Assistance
peace". In accepting the award on their behalf, the				Mission for Rwanda UNAMIR helps implement
then Secretary General, Javier Perez de Cuellar				Government-Rwandese Patriotic Front agreement
said "Peace-keeping operations symbolize the				by monitoring ceasefire and security in transition
world community's will to peace and represent the				period .Anti-Tutsi genocide breaks out in April
impartial, practical expression of that will. The				1994. UNAMIR worked to secure ceasefire.
award of the Nobel Peace Prize to these				Situation deteriorates further, and Security Council
operations illustrates the hope and strengthens				enlarges UNAMIR to protect relief operations to
the promise of this extraordinary concept." Of the				degree possible, but buildup was slow. After RPF
peacekeepers, he said "to remain calm in the face				Government was installed, UNAMIR supports
of provocation, to maintain composure when				reconciliation efforts and humanitarian assistance
under attack, he un troops, officers and soldiers				and contributes to security of human rights and
alike, must show a special kind of courage, one				International Tribunal personnel. After December
that is more difficult to come by than the				1995, UNAMIR focuses on facilitating safe return
ordinary kind. Our UN troops have been put to				of refugees. UN Azuzou Strip Observer Group
the test and emerged triumphant".				Chad and Libya refer territorial dispute to
PEACE-KEEPING -an evolving technique				International court of justice in september1990. In
Peacekeeping operations have been used most				accordance with Court's decision, Libya withdraws
commonly to supervise and help maintain				from Azuzou Strip in April and May 1994. The
cease-fires, to assist in troop withdrawal and to				Security Council deploys UNASOG monitor
provide a buffer between opposing forces.				withdrawal. Mission concludes after both sides
However, these operations are flexible				withdrawal complete. UN MISSION IN THE
instruments of policy and have been adapted to a				CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC In 1196, Central
variety of uses. In the course of the past few				African Republic is shaken by mutinies in army. In
years, the new political climate emerging from the				January 1997, after four African presidents
end of the cold war has contributed to an				mediate truce, parties sign Bangui Agreements,
increase in demand for United Nations				and inter African force (MISAB) deploys to
peacekeeping. As new conflicts takes place within				monitor implementation. MINURCA takes over
nations rather than between them, the UN today				from MISAB to assist in maintaining security and
deals with civil wars, secessions, partitions, ethnic				stability, monitor final disposition of weapons
clash and tribal struggles. Rescuing failed states				retrieved in disarmament exercise and provide
have become an inherent part of second				advice on restructuring national police and on
-generation peacekeeping. "UN peacekeeping				election plans. UN Observer Mission in Sierra Leone
operations swiftly moved from traditional military				The United Nation became involved in sierra Leon
peacekeeping tasks to multidimensional operations				in 1995, when the Secretary General appointed a
in disintegrating and failed states". Conditions for				Special envoy to mediate in the civil war.
Successful peacekeeping operations When a				Continuing unrest and civil war culminated in may
United Nations member states or group of states,				1997 military coup overthrowing democratically
or the Secretary General, proposes the				elected government. Subsequent intervention by
establishment of a peace keeping operations, a				Economic Community of West African States and
number of basic conditions have to be met. First,				its peacekeeping force restores elected
the proposal must command the consent of				government in March 1998. UNOMSIL is set up
warring parties. The operation must neither				top monitor the country's military and security
interfere in the internal affair of the host countries				situation and disarmament and demobilization in
nor favors one party against another. Second, the				secured areas. UN Mission in sierra Leon Security
proposal must command extensive support from				Council sets up UNAMSIL to help parties
the international community - specially, it must be				implement Peace Agreement. UNAMSIL also
adopted by Security Council. Third, Member states				provides security at key locations and assists
must be willing to volunteer personnel to serve				Government in carrying out disarmament and
under the command of United Nations Secretary				demobilization plan. Key objectives include assisting
General. The success of a peace keeping				Government to extend authority, restore Law
operation also requires a clear and practicable				and order and stabilize situation progressively
mandate, the cooperation of the parties in				throughout country; and providing support as
implementing and enforcing that mandate,				requested for elections. UN Organization Mission in
effectual United Nations command at headquarter				Democratic Republic of the Congo In 1997,
and in the field, and adequate logistic and financial				factional tension, heightened by an attempt by
support. Finance for peace keeping operations				government forces to disarm the militia of former
Assured and adequate financing for peacekeeping				president Denis Sassou Nguesso ahead of the
operations are sin qua non and vital. The annual				presidential elections, called for July, escalated into
United Nations Peacekeeping budget grew				full scale fighting between Sassou Nguesso's
manifold. Peacekeeping operations were expected				supporters and government forces and militia
to cost around $2 billion every year-about 0.15				loyal; to the incumbent president, Pascal Lissouba.
per cent of world military spending. Peacekeeping				The Security Council called for an end to the
operations are financed through the peacekeeping				violence and a negotiated solution to the crisis. In
budget and include troops from various countries;				mid 1999, six regional States and two Congolese
this "burden-sharing" can offer extraordinary				rebel movement sign Ceasefire Agreement for
efficiency in human, financial and political terms. As				cessation of hostilities between belligerent forces
the Secretary General stated ion Agenda for				in Democratic Republic of Congo. MONUC set up
Peace. " The contrast between the costs of				to maintain liaison with the parties. In February
United nations peacekeeping and cost of				2000, MONUC expands to monitor implementation
alternative war between the demands of the				of ceasefire, devise action plan for overall
Organization and the means provided to meet				implementation of Agreement and redeployment
them-would be farcical were the consequences				of parties' forces. UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
not so damaging to global stability and the				In July 2000, after two years of fighting in border
credibility of the Organization." He also noted that				dispute, Ethiopia and Eritrea sign cessation of
at the end of last decade, global expenditure had				hostilities agreement following proximity talks led
reached $1 trillion a year, or $2 million per minute.				by Algeria and Organization of African Unity. In
Following up on one of the recommendations				July, Security Council sets up UNMEE to maintain
contained in An Agenda for Peace, the General				liaison with parties and establish mechanism for
Assembly , in December 1992, decided to				verifying ceasefire. In September, Security Council
establish, under the Secretary General's authority,				authorize deployment of military personnel to
a Peacekeeping Reserve Fund of $150 million as a				monitor cessation of hostilities, redeployment of
cash-flow mechanism to ensure that the United				troops and temporary security zone; and to
Nations is able to respond rapidly and effectively				assist in ensuring observance of security
to the growing demands of peacekeeping				commitments by parties. UN Observer Group in
operations. According to United Nations				Central America The UN became involved in
Peacekeeping statistical data "total estimated cost				Central America in 1989, when Costa Rica, El
of operations from 1st July to 30 June 2000 are				Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua
$2.5 billion." In this Section of I would throw light				requested its assistance in their collective
on United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in				agreement to end the conflicts that were
each continent of the world. PACEKEEPING				disrupting the region, promote democratic
OPERATIONS IN ASIA There are 18				elections and pursue democratization and dialogue.
Peacekeeping operations underway in Asia. Two in				As part of Central American peace process, in
South Asia, two in Central Asia, nine in Middle East				1989 Security Council establishes ONUCA to
and five in Far East. South Asia UN Military				verify compliance by five Central American
Observer Group in India and Pakistan "UNMOGIP is				Governments with security commitments. Under
the second oldest UN peace keeping mission. It				Esquipulas II Agreement, ONUCA later assists in
was set up in 1949". The UN has continued to be				monitoring ceasefire and separation of forces
concerned with the oldest dispute between India				between opposing parties in Nicaragua and in
and Pakistan over Kashmir. This dispute has				demobilizing Nicaraguan resistance. UN Observer
become a nuclear flash point in poverty ridden				mission in El Salvador An integrated operation,
South Asia. A renowned Pakistani General states				ONUSAL verifies agreement between
and expresses the mindset of Pakistan in 1995				Government of El Salvador and FMLN to end
that "durable peace may elude South Asia so long				decade long civil war. Agreements cover
as the Kashmir dispute remains unsettled".				ceasefire, reform and reduction of armed forces,
Intellectuals are agreed that "without settlement				creation of new police force, reform of judicial
of Kashmir dispute, durable peace between the				and electoral systems, human rights, land tenure,
two countries cannot be maintained". It has the				and other economic and social issues. ONUSAL
dubious distinction of being the oldest unresolved				also verifies election in match and April 1994. Its
dispute on the agenda of UN. This issue has				mandate ended in 1995. UN Verification Mission in
eroded the credibility of the UN in the eyes of				Guatemala The Security Council from 1991
Muslims of the world. The Security Council first				observed talks between government and URNG
discussed the issue in 1948, following India's				aimed at ending the civil war, which had lasted
complaint that tribesmen and others, with				over three decades and resulted in some 200,000
Pakistan's help and participation, were invading				people killed or missing. In 1996 Government and
Kashmir and that fighting was tasking place.				URNG sign peace agreement ending 36 years of
Pakistan categorically denied the allegation and				conflict. Security Council attaches military
declared Kashmir's accession to India illegal. The				component to MINUGUA, established in 1994 by
Security Council recommended measures to stop				General Assembly to verify human rights
the fighting, including the use of observers, and to				agreement. Military component verifies ceasefire
create conducive conditions for a plebiscite. It				agreement, separation of forces and
established a United Nations Commission for India				demobilization of URNG combatants. Conclusion
and Pakistan, which made proposals on a				The aforementioned enormous successful
ceasefire and troop withdrawals, and proposed				Peacekeeping Operation vindicate that United
that the issue be decided by plebiscite. Both sides				Nations has accomplished its lofty objectives of
accepted, but India did not agreed on the				service to humanity. The United Nations has
modalities for the plebiscite. India had since then				justified its existence as effective global agency
flied in the face of UN resolutions. As a matter of				intended to bring and keep peace among
fact, "almost all efforts and every constructive				international communities. No power can sideline or
proposal to resolve the dispute were dashed by				overshadow the United Nation, howsoever
the consistent and unyielding Indian obduracy".				powerful on the earth. It must be remembered
Since 1949, the UNMOGIP has been observing the				that the United Nation is not an external
ceasefire in this disputed area. Following the 1972				abstraction to resolve all problems that confronts
India- Pakistan agreement defining a line of control				sovereign states in their mutual relationships and a
in turbulent Kashmir, the parties undertook to				desire of living together as an international
settle their difference peacefully and amicably and				community. Unfortunately, due to two main
achieve a final settlement. After the agreement,				Muslim burning problems, it is widely believed by
India as usual, in order to avoid and gain time,				the Muslims all over the world that the United
maintained that the mandate of UNMOGIP had				Nation has often been late to react to their
lapsed, a position not accepted by Pakistan. The				political or socio-economic problem. It failed in
Secretary General has maintained that only the				Bosnia when the Serbs were carrying out ethnic
Security Council can terminate the mission, and				cleansing against the Bosnian Muslims during
has consistently expressed his readiness to				1992-93. It is unable or reluctant to implement its
facilitate the search for an overall solution of this				resolutions on Kashmir and Palestine, and the
thorny problem. "By providing the people of				Cyprus issue remains unresolved. It was also
Jammu and Kashmir the right to				absent during the slaughter in Rwanda during early
self-determination and by helping them exercise				n1990s. The United Nation, in order to prove its
this right without fear, the UN may regain its lost				effectiveness and usefulness must dispel this
credibility and play the role of a catalyst in				notion (prevailed) in the minds and hearts of
international politics. " United Nations INDIA _				Muslims of world by addressing their political and
PAKISTAN OBSERVATION MISSION The SC				socio-economic problems. It is my personnel
established to supervise the ceasefire along the				observation that the United Nation is doing a
India Pakistan border except in state of Jammu				tremendous job to unravel these knotty
and Kashmir, where UNMOGIP operated, and the				problems. The main problem is that ninety percent
withdrawal of armed personnel to the positions				of Muslim population of world lacks the ABC of
held by them before 5 august 1965. 2. UN Good				English language, the official language of the United
Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan				Nations. The information regarding the conducive
Following soviet military intervention in Afghanistan				and positive activities of the United Nations does
in December, 1979, it was established by Security				not reach to the majority of Muslim population.
Council to assist the representative of Secretary				Therefore, the United Nation must activate its
General to lend his good offices to the parties in				information centers to disseminate and inform
ensuring the implementation of the Agreements				about its lofty activities and accomplished
on the settlement of the situation relating to				objectives not only to the masses of Muslim
Afghanistan and in this context to investigate and				countries but also to the masses of world in their
report possible violations of any of the provisions				mother tongue. It will surely dispel the prevalent
of the agreements. Following hectic efforts by the				notion about the crucial work being accomplished
United Nations and world community the Geneva				by the United Nations irrespective of race and
Accord was signed, committing Afghanistan and				religion in the world. The Muslim population of the
Pakistan to mutual non-interference and voluntary				world must be reminded and realized that it was
return of refugees and calling for Soviet				the collective will of the United Nations that the
withdrawal. Security Council authorizes UNGOMAP				tiny Arab country Kuwait was liberated from the
to monitor agreements implementation. UN				inclement clutches of Sadam. There is no any
Peacekeeping Operations in Middle East United				Muslim country that could have liberated the
Nations Truce Supervision Organization It was				Kuwait from bondage of sadist Sadam. The "Soul"
established in 1948 to assist and support the				of Islamic world Saudi Arabia would have been
mediator and the Truce Commission in supervising				under the control of Sadam. It was the enormous
the observance of truce in Palestine. Since then,				diplomatic and political pressure of The United
UNTSO has accomplished various tasks, including				Nations that Soviet Empire withdrew from a
the supervision of the General Armistice				Muslim country Afghanistan. Being a Muslim it is
Agreement of 1949 and the observation of the				shocking to learn the surprising truth that the
cease fire in the Suez Canal area and the Golan				United States contributes 25% followed by Japan
Heights following the Arab - Israel war of June				and West Europe to the United Nations. The
1967. "The United Nations has been concerned				Muslim countries are reluctantly contributing hardly
with the question of Middle East from its earliest				10% to the United Nations. It is the responsibility
days. It has formulated principles for a peaceful				of our Muslim rulers to reduce the suffering of
settlement and dispatched various peacekeeping				our people. It is widely believed that these
operations, and continues to support efforts				despotic rulers (majority pro US) in order to
towards a just, lasting and comprehensive solution				preserve their rule spent lions share on the
to the political problem" . Unresolved, Arab-Israeli				whimsical notion of territorial security rather than
conflict led to warfare in 48, 56, 67 and 73, each				human security. They clandestinely nurture
conflict leading member states to call for United				'Terrorist Groups' and create hue and cry against
Nations mediation and peacekeeping missions. The				western democratic system. The United Nations
1956 conflict saw the deployment of the first				as a 'Guardian' of human security should strive to
full-fledged peacekeeping force, the United Nations				liberate peoples from the cruel clutches of
Emergency Force, which oversaw troop				despotic and undemocratic regimes from all over
withdrawals and contributed to peace and stability.				the world. No doubt they will cry and machinate
Some strategic analyst regards the Middle East				against this positive development, but the down
problem as a blot on the face of United Nation. It				trodden people of world would remember this as
must strive to efface this ugly blot. The sole				golden moments in the history. The United Nation
hyper power, United State should play its				must wholly support the idea of 'Regime Change'
constructive and positive role to obliterate the				in undemocratic countries of the world. These
notion of ineffectiveness of United Nations.				undemocratic and despotic rulers make hue and
UNITED NATIONS EMERGENCY FORCE I, and II				cry against the United Nation that this global body
The UNEF I commenced from November 1956-				is not performing properly and hindering the
June 1967 and UNEF II from October 1973 to				process of development. These rulers should be
july1979. Fallowing the nationalization of Suez Canal				punished so that the people of world live in a
by Egypt Israel, France and United Kingdom				world of peace and fraternity. These rulers are
attacked the former. Veto by France and United				the main supporter and nurturer of 'Terrorist
Kingdom prevented Security Council action.				Groups' creating uncertainty and terror in the
Emergency General Assembly session established				world. These rulers and their cohorts are
UNEF1, first armed United Nations Peacekeeping				responsible for endangering the world peace and
force to supervise withdrawal of invading forces				clash of civilizations. These undemocratic rulers
and acted as buffer between Egypt and Israel. In				would not hesitate to repeat the holocaust of 9
May 1967 Egypt compelled UNEF1 to withdraw.				11 any where in the world only to perpetuate
The maximum strength of the emergency force				their unpopular and despotic rule. The United
was 6073. Ninety fatalities occurred during the				Nation can save heavy spending on peacekeeping
operations. The total expenditure was $214.3				operations by overthrowing these regimes all over
million. UN Observation Group in Lebanon Violent				the world. Actually these rogue regimes are
conflict in Lebanon over proposed constitutional				responsible for political crisis. The United Nations
changes occurred. The Security Council in June				should make it obligatory to protect the idea of
December 1958 established UNOGIL to ensure				human security rather than protecting and
that personnel, arms and material are not				validating undemocratic regimes. The UN in the
infiltrated across Lebanese border. After conflict is				supreme interest of people of world support and
settled NOGIL was withdrawn. UN Yemen				promote the process of democratization of world.
observation Mission Egypt and Saudi Arabia				The majority of Muslim population has appreciated
supported opposing forces in Yemen's civil war				the efforts of UN in Iraq, where a dictator was
which flared wider conflict. The Secretary				overthrown and humiliated by the US and its allies.
General's initiative succeeded and Disengagement				The International Politics revealed that how other
Agreement was signed. The Security Council				'parasite' dictators are acceding to the will of world
established United Nations Yemen Observation				body. The Libyan dictator had conceded to the
Mission to observe the implementation of the				collective will of global body only to save his
disengagement agreement between Saudi Arabia				despotic rule over the country. The UN should not
and the United Arab Republic. United Nations				accept his rule; otherwise the people of world
Disengagement Force It was commenced from				would consider UN as collaborators of these
June 1974. Uneasy truce on the Golan Heights				dictators. This policy on the part of UN is highly
after 1973 war is replaced by agreed				unacceptable to the majority of masses of world.
disengagement of Israeli forces and Syrian forces.				UN Secretary General Kofi Annan pointed out in a
The SC established UNDOF to supervise the				most significant document on Africa, The Causes
cease-fire between Israel and Syria; to supervise				of Conflict and the Promotion of Durable peace
the disengagement of Israeli and Syrian forces;				and sustainable Development in Africa, that
and to supervise the areas of separation and				"United Nations peacekeeping will not always be
limitation, as provided in the Agreement on				the best answer to every problem, either in
Disengagement between Israeli and Syrian forces				Africa or elsewhere". He also conceded that
of 31 may 1974. The current strength is 1120				"conflict in Africa posed a major challenge to UN
troops assisted by the military observers of				efforts designed to ensure global peace,
UNTSO's Observer group Golan. The annual cost				prosperity and Human rights for all". In my opinion
is approximately $36 million. United Nations Interim				it is not the failure or inability of United Nation but
Force in Lebanon It was commenced from March				it is the veto power frequently used by mighty
1978 to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces				powers to procure their vital interest. "The
from southern Lebanon following the brutal				overriding vested political and economic interests
invasion of Israel in Lebanon. The Security Council				of the more influential and powerful players limit
establishes UNIFIL to restore peace and security				its role in conflict prevention and resolution". The
and help Lebanese Government restore its				Brahimi report contends "Member states must
effective authority in area. The current strength is				recognize that the United Nation is the sum of its
5280 troops, and 190 fatalities happened. The				parts and accept that the primary responsibility
annual cost is approximately $146 million. UNITED				for reform lies within them. The failures of the
NATIONS IRAN-IRAQ MILITARY OBSERVER				United Nations are not those of the Secretariat
GROUP After eight year of fratricidal war and				alone, or troop commanders or the leaders of
following hectic diplomacy led by Secretary				field missions. Most occurred because the Security
General, Iran and Iraq agree to ceasefire. It				Council and the Member States crafted and
functioned between august 1988 to February				supported ambiguous, inconsistent and
1191. The SC established UNIIMOG to verify,				under-funded mandates and then stood back and
confirm and supervise the ceasefire and the				watched as they failed, sometimes even adding
withdrawal of all forces to the internationally				critical public commentary as the credibility of the
recognized boundaries, pending a comprehensive				United Nations underwent its severest tests." I
settlement. Unite Nations observers concluded				would conclude the article with the golden words
mission in 1991 after confirming withdrawal of				of Kofi Annan "The international system for much
both sides' forces to internationally recognized				of the last century was based on division and
borders. UN IRAQ - KUWAIT OBSERVATION				hard calculations of real politic. In the new century,
MISSION It was established in April 1991 following				we can and must do better. I do not mean to
Himalayan blunder by the Iraqi President Saddam				suggest that an era of complete harmony is
of invading a Muslim country. The United Nations				within our reach, of course, interests and ideas will
response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in1991				always clash. But we can improve on the last
illustrates the range of options it has at its disposal				century's dismal record". Postal Address;
in the pursuit of restoring international peace and				Professor Abdul Qayum Mangi, Chairman,
security. The Security Council immediately				Department of International Relations, Post
condemned the invasion, demanded Iraq's				Graduate Studies Centre at Islamia Arts/Comm
unconditional and immediate withdrawal, and rightly				College Sukkur Sindh Pakistan. Phone;
imposed comprehensive sanctions against Iraq. At				92.071.614748 .

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